Distributed systems is a research area within computer science concerned with the principles, design, and analysis of systems composed of multiple autonomous computing entities that interact through a network to achieve a common goal. This field investigates the theoretical foundations and practical challenges inherent in coordinating these components, including concurrency management, fault tolerance, data consistency, resource allocation, and inter-process communication, particularly in the absence of a global clock and the presence of partial failures and variable communication delays. Its significance lies in enabling the construction of scalable, reliable, and highly available computational infrastructure and applications that leverage geographically dispersed resources.